Church History — Part 1: Three Battles (AD 30–400)

Note: This post is compiled from David Pawson's History of the Church lecture series (Part 1: AD 30–400), approximately 58 minutes long. All major arguments come directly from Pawson. Wherever I looked something up, checked it against the historical sources, or corrected a small detail, I've left it as an amber margin note woven right into the text — the way you'd jot in the margin of a book you're reading.

The most astonishing story in history

Romans 10:18: "Their voice has gone out to all the earth, and their words to the ends of the world."

David Pawson opens with a simple but stunning question: How did Christianity spread from a handful of fishermen in AD 30, across the then-known world by AD 400, replacing every other religion along the way?

They did it without an army. Without money. Without influential people. And they did it against the full might of the Roman Empire.

And who were they? Pawson stresses the point: mostly nobodies. Paul wrote to the church at Corinth, "Look at yourselves — not many wise, not many powerful, not many of noble birth." The early Church was largely made up of slaves and the lowest ranks of society — and yet these were the people who won an empire.

✍︎Kit's note

This is the most astonishing story in human history.

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The Starting Point: End of Acts (AD 60)

The Book of Acts covers the first 30 years of Church history — AD 30 to AD 60. It's an unfinished story: from Jerusalem, the capital of the sacred world, to Rome, the capital of the secular world.

But the story kept spreading outward in ripples.

Pawson summarizes the advantages the early Church had:

Roman roads. Straight roads running around the Mediterranean world, allowing apostles and merchants to travel without passports or visas.

Common Greek language. The whole empire spoke one language — the gospel could be preached in one tongue.

Pax Romana. The Roman peace — people could travel from country to country without fear of war.

Jewish communities. In most large towns, groups of Jews already knew the Old Testament and were willing to listen.

A morally and spiritually sick empire. People were hungry for something real.

And yet Pawson says: even with these advantages, this was an astonishing triumph.

They had no buildings. No denominational organizations. No headquarters. No financial resources. No committees. And yet they did it.

The organization of the early Church. Utterly simple: local groups called churches, each with elders for spiritual leadership and deacons for practical service. Between churches moved apostles who planted new ones, evangelists who preached the gospel, and prophets who brought the word of God. That is the only organization you find in the New Testament.

Their worship. Baptism by immersion. Bread and wine at the Lord's Supper. A mixture of fixed prayers and free prayer. Singing — no instruments, no choirs, but they loved to sing.

Early Church Map

From Jerusalem to the ends of the Roman Empire (AD 30–400)

Hover each dot to see details. Orange = origin, red = martyrdom, blue = theology, green = victory.

Real map of the Roman Empire — geographic extent from Britain to Mesopotamia in AD 30–400. Source: Wikimedia Commons (public domain). City positions calibrated and verified against the map's actual coastlines.

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Three Battles

Pawson's core analytical framework: in the first four centuries, the Church had to fight three great battles — and in each one, it won.

The first battle — Spiritual, beginning with the Jews. The second battle — Mental, beginning with the Greeks. The third battle — Physical, beginning with the Romans.

Pawson says: we are fighting the same three battles today. That is why he teaches history — because this is not the past. It is the present.

Three Battles AD 30–400

Three battles the early Church fought and won

Gold marks: key historical milestones. Three colored bars: the three simultaneous battles of the Church.

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First Battle: Spiritual — Against Syncretism

There is a popular idea — then and now — that Christianity must be mixed with other religions. That all religions are basically the same. That we're all traveling to the same God by different roads.

Pawson tells of picking up a hitchhiker, a student training to teach religious knowledge. The young man didn't believe in God, but his goal was to show children that all religions are fundamentally the same.

This is the spiritual battle the early Church faced.

The first martyr: Stephen

The first person to give his life for Jesus was Stephen — and he died for this one thing: declaring that Christianity would never mix with Judaism. That Judaism had become obsolete. That Christianity was unique and could not be diluted.

The Jews were so angry they dragged him outside the city wall and stoned him to death.

Jesus himself knew the two would not mix. Pawson recalls his teaching: to do so is like pouring new wine into old wineskins, or sewing a patch of unshrunk cloth onto an old garment — sooner or later it pulls and tears away. The two cannot be blended.

But the battle didn't end with Stephen. Paul was drawn in, and Peter was flung into it against his will — Peter, a Jew to his fingertips who had no time for Gentiles until God had to teach him otherwise. When the Temple in Jerusalem was destroyed by the Roman armies in AD 70, people might have thought that was the end of Judaism. But it wasn't.

For three hundred more years, various sects kept trying to drag Christians back under the Jewish law. Pawson names them: the Nazarenes and the Ebionites — who insisted that Gentile converts must still observe the Mosaic law and the Sabbath. They persisted for three full centuries.

"The people doing it today," Pawson observes, "are the Seventh-day Adventists — good Christians, many of them, but they are trying to bring us back under the Sabbath law of the seventh day."

Finally the battle was won: Christianity was unique, unmixed, independent of Judaism.

The Pantheon and the sin of syncretism

As the Roman Empire expanded, they built the Pantheon — literally "the house of all gods" (pan = all, theon = gods). Every time a new religion appeared, a statue of its deity was placed in a niche.

The Romans invited Christians to place a statue of Jesus in one of those niches.

The Christians refused. Absolutely refused.

Pawson observes: when he visited the Pantheon, all the niches were empty — but there was a statue of Jesus, because the building was eventually taken over by the Church and turned into a place of worship. That was victory, not compromise.

✍︎Kit's note

This policy is called syncretism — the mixing of religions. This was the battle the Church had to fight.

"Religio Licita" — Legal Religion

The Roman Empire had a religion registration system. If you registered, your religion became religio licita — a legal faith recognized by the state.

Christians refused to register. They said: We are not a religion. We are followers of Jesus Christ.

This made their lives considerably more dangerous.

When Caesar Became God

Gradually, all the religions found their niches in the Pantheon — and finally, they placed a statue of Caesar there. Caesar became a god. And the Roman Empire declared: from now on, our religion is the worship of Caesar. Burn incense to Caesar. Say "Caesar is Lord."

That is when the physical battle began.

But there is an interesting double charge of atheism: the Romans called Christians atheists because they refused to worship the Roman gods. And Christians called the Romans atheists — because despite all their gods, they had no God. The word "atheist" appears once in the Bible — in Ephesians 2, where Paul tells the Gentiles they were "without God in the world."

That is why Paul at Athens said to the Athenians: "I have seen all your altars — but I noticed one inscribed: To The Unknown God. I have come to tell you about that God — the one God you do not know." Atheists, every one of them.

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Second Battle: Mental — Against Philosophy

This was the harder battle because it happened inside the Church, not outside it.

The Greeks were the brilliant thinkers. The intellectuals. The know-alls. And when Christianity encountered the intellectual world, the greatest danger was that intellectuals would alter Christianity — producing what they claimed was a superior form of it, compromising truth to fit the intellect.

Pawson says: "There are many questions that I have with my intellect that I still haven't got answered. But thank God I got to the point where I was prepared to believe before I got my intellect entirely satisfied."

This battle had to be fought with words and pens — and some of the finest writings in Church history come from it. Irenaeus wrote five books under the title Against Heresies — a systematic refutation of every branch of Gnostic thought. Origen of Alexandria produced an astonishing 6,000 books, letters, and pamphlets in defence of the faith. The intellectual arsenal of the early Church was formidable.

✍︎Kit's note

The battle with Marcion

Marcion was the first to take scissors to the Bible. He didn't like the God of wrath in the Old Testament, and concluded that the God of the Old Testament was a different God from the God of the New Testament.

His solution: cut out the whole Old Testament.

But then he found he needed to cut more. Revelation looked too much like the Old Testament — out. Paul said some uncomfortable things — out. Even the Gospels had passages he didn't like — out.

Pawson notes: "He was the first to discover that when you apply the scissors to the Bible, you cannot stop."

He ended up with two Gods — one for the Old Testament, one for the New.

That is a heresy we are still fighting today.

The battle with Gnosticism

This was a much larger battle. Gnosticism came from a mixture of thought — Egyptian, Persian, possibly Indian — with one basic philosophy:

Spiritual things are good. Material things are evil.

This led to a chain of damaging conclusions:

• If matter is evil → God could not have created it.
• If matter is evil → Jesus could not have had a physical body.
• Therefore → Jesus only appeared to have a body. He was a phantom.
• Therefore → He did not really die. He was never hungry or tired.
• Therefore → The resurrection of the body is absurd.

Pawson explains: "This is why John wrote his Gospel and his First Epistle — he was fighting this thinking inside the Church."

The opening of 1 John: "That which we have heard, which we have seen with our eyes, which we have looked at and our hands have touched — this we proclaim concerning the Word of life..." — that is combat against Gnosticism.

The greatest minds of the Church set themselves against it: Tertullian of Carthage in North Africa, Clement and Origen of Alexandria, and Cyprian — all wrote to refute this thinking.

Three achievements of the mental battle

The Church did three things to win this battle:

1. The New Testament Canon. With so many false gospels circulating, the Church needed to identify what was real. They collected all the books that genuinely traced back to the apostles — those who received truth directly from Jesus. By AD 200, the New Testament had been assembled. We have the New Testament today because of that battle.

2. The Creeds. To state the faith clearly, the Church began making lists — creeds (from credo = "I believe"). The Apostles' Creed is a direct answer to Gnosticism:

• "I believe in God the Father Almighty, Maker of heaven and earth" — God did make material reality.
• "Jesus... suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, dead and buried" — He had a real body.
• "I believe in the resurrection of the body" — the body is good.

3. Councils. Not to organize the Church, but to share the battle and close ranks for the faith.

The battle with Arianism — Is Jesus fully God?

When Constantine became a Christian in AD 312, he discovered the Church was in a terrible state of argument. The cause: a tall, handsome, brilliantly gifted preacher from Alexandria named Arius was teaching exactly what Jehovah's Witnesses teach today — that Jesus Christ is not quite God.

Arius said: Jesus is the "Son of God" but not God Himself. He was created, not begotten. He is like God but not God.

This swept through the Church like a craze, like a women's fashion trend — almost the entire empire followed Arius.

Only one person saw what was happening and dared to stand against it.

His name was Athanasius. He was a young deacon, physically small — some called him a dwarf. Arius was a tall, commanding bishop with thousands of admirers. Athanasius said: "That is wrong. And I will fight it."

The Latin proverb was born: Athanasius contra mundum — "Athanasius against the world."

In his lifetime he was exiled five times by four different emperors. He never gave up.

Eighty and six years have I served Him, and He has never done me wrong. How then can I blaspheme my King whom I serve? — Polycarp (c. AD 155)

The Gnostic Cascade

One false premise unravels the whole faith

Pawson shows how Gnosticism began with one wrong idea, then — like falling dominoes — denied each pillar of the Christian faith in turn.

Council of Nicaea — AD 325

One letter that changed Church theology forever

Nicene Creed (325 AD): "...one Lord Jesus Christ, the only-begotten Son of God, begotten of the Father before all worlds, God of God, Light of Light, very God of very God, begotten not made, being of one substance with the Father..."

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The Council of Nicaea (AD 325)

Constantine summoned about 300 bishops from across the empire — he had no room large enough in Constantinople, so they crossed the Sea of Marmara to a city called Nicaea (modern-day İznik, Turkey).

✍︎Kit's note

The bishops entered the hall bearing the marks of persecution on their bodies — in Pawson's words, "the maimed and the lame came in." The physical battle had just ended, and its veterans were sitting in the room to fight the mental battle.

Athanasius — still only a deacon, too young to be admitted to the main debate — sat outside. But he was the central figure in the argument. He continuously passed arguments through a friend: the friend ran in, presented Athanasius's point, then ran out to relay Arius's response so Athanasius could counter it.

✍︎Kit's note

The debate turned on two words:

• ὁμοούσιος (homoousios): Jesus is "of the same substance" as the Father — Jesus is God.
• ὁμοιούσιος (homoiousios): Jesus is "of similar substance" — Jesus is like God.

The difference: one letter ι (iota). But it was the difference between faith and heresy.

Athanasius prevailed. The Council of Nicaea produced the Nicene Creed:

"I believe in one Lord Jesus Christ... God of God, Light of Light, very God of very God, begotten not made, being of one substance with the Father..."

And every Christmas, we still sing it: "Hark! The Herald Angels Sing — God of God, Light of Light eternal..." We are singing the outcome of the Council of Nicaea.

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Third Battle: Physical — Against Roman Persecution

In the first four centuries, the Church never used physical force to establish the gospel. The Inquisition was to come much later. The only force they used was love.

But physical force was used against them, again and again.

Why did Christians suffer so much?

People blamed the rumors — that Christians were cannibals (a misunderstanding of the Lord's Supper), that they held obscene "love feasts," that they refused to participate in normal social customs, that they were a secret society threatening imperial security.

But Pawson says: those were not the real reason.

The real reason is the words of Jesus himself: "They have hated me without a cause." There is an irrational hatred in the depths of the human heart toward God — and therefore toward His people.

Pawson goes further — and this needs context: he argues that "the other side of anti-Semitism is the attitude of the Jews toward Christians," and that "it was the Jews who first caused the sufferings of Christians, again and again." (Note: this is how Pawson framed it in the 1960s. Acts does record early opposition from some Jewish leaders, but modern historians are cautious about such collective attribution — the great majority of later persecutions came from the Roman state, not Jewish communities.)

Nero and the beginning of persecution (AD 64)

One day Pawson stood in the ruins of Nero's palace gardens in Rome, knowing that the soil was soaked with blood.

The mad emperor Nero, in his ambition to rebuild Rome as a great metropolis, allegedly set the city on fire. Fourteen of seventeen districts were razed. Hundreds died. When blame began to fall on Nero, he looked for a scapegoat: "The Christians did it."

He arrested every Christian within reach of Rome. He wrapped them in the skins of wild beasts and set his dogs on them. He beheaded them. He crucified them. And finally — he covered them with pitch, stuffed them alive into barrels, and lit them as human torches in his garden while he drove his chariot madly around in the darkness.

That was the beginning. And from then until AD 300, the Church endured ten periods of persecution — the most frightful it had ever known.

✍︎Kit's note

Pawson holds up an old book he picked up secondhand — Foxe's Book of Martyrs, once compulsory Sunday reading for Christians. He notes it shows that, down to the time it was written, there had never been a ten-year period without Christians suffering martyrdom — "and there still isn't."

The Apostle John on Patmos

Around AD 95, Emperor Domitian exiled John — the last of the twelve apostles — to the salt mines, then to the tiny island of Patmos in the Aegean Sea, where he was chained to a prison wall.

✍︎Kit's note

From that prison cell came the Book of Revelation — just as Bunyan would later write Pilgrim's Progress from Bedford jail.

Pawson cites Paul: "I may be in chains, but the word of God is not bound."

Pliny and Trajan (c. AD 110)

Around AD 110, the new governor Pliny arrived in Bithynia in Asia Minor. He was astonished — the pagan temples were deserted, the idolatrous shrines had no business. He asked why.

"The Christians, sir. There are too many of them."

Pliny began arresting and executing Christians. But he was puzzled — both by their ever-growing numbers and by the quality of their lives. Finally he sent a spy into one of their early morning services.

The spy returned with his report: "They meet before daybreak. They sing hymns to Christ as God. Then they take an oath — a sacramentum — not to steal, not to commit adultery, not to murder."

Pliny was so puzzled he wrote to Emperor Trajan. Trajan's reply: don't accept anonymous accusations, but if someone is confirmed as anti-Roman religion, test whether they will say "Caesar is Lord." If they won't — execute them.

✍︎Kit's note

Ignatius of Antioch

Ignatius was the bishop of Antioch — Pawson calls him "one of the youngest ministers of the Church in those days." He was arrested and escorted from Antioch to Rome to be thrown to the wild beasts in the Colosseum.

His journey was a pageant of triumph. All along the road, Christians left their homes and walked with him for stretches, sharing fellowship with the man walking to his death.

Pawson reads from one of Ignatius's own letters: "Now I begin to be a disciple. He who is near the sword is near to God. He who is among the wild beasts is in company with God."

Ignatius wrote unforgettable letters every night as he rested — chained to his Roman soldier. He wrote to Polycarp, the bishop of Smyrna: "Stand fast, firm as an anvil, though often smitten."

✍︎Kit's note

Forty years later, Polycarp was martyred.

Polycarp at Smyrna (c. AD 155)

The Roman games were being held at Smyrna to honor the emperor. The crowd grew excited. Blood began to flow. Then someone cried, "Away with the atheists!" — and eleven Christians were dragged into the arena, called atheists, and thrown to the lions. Then the crowd cried for Polycarp.

A soldier was sent to arrest him. They came to a small cottage outside Smyrna. They knocked. Polycarp came to the door. They didn't recognize him and asked: "Is there a man called Polycarp here?"

He could have said no. He was tempted to. But the Lord gave him the victory. He said, "I am Polycarp," and held out his wrists for the chains.

In the arena, the governor looked at the old man's white hair and said: "Have pity on your age. Just curse Christ and you can go back to your cottage."

Polycarp replied:

"Eighty and six years have I served Him, and He has never done me wrong. How then can I blaspheme my King whom I serve?"

They could do nothing but kill him. The lions had been taken away, so they built a bonfire and tied him to a stake. But the wind was strong and blew the flames away from Polycarp — which deeply impressed the crowd. Finally, a Roman soldier, out of pity for the old man, plunged a dagger into his heart.

The Christians recorded that martyrdom, and ended the account with these words: "...Quintus Statius Quadratus being consul, but Jesus Christ being King forever." Quadratus's name goes down as the executor. Jesus Christ's name goes down as King.

✍︎Kit's note

Blandina at Lyon (AD 177)

The persecution spread to France. At Lyon, the aged minister Pothinus was thrown into prison and died there. Then they took a young slave girl in her teens — her name was Blandina.

They tortured her from morning till evening. Her tormentors grew tired and weary and acknowledged they were conquered — they could do no more to her.

Her comfort and relief in the pain was this repeated cry: "I am a Christian, and there is nothing vile done by us."

The next day — after the scourging, after the wild beasts, after the red-hot chair — she was enclosed in a net and thrown before a bull. The bull tossed her. And she died.

The historian records: "She, like a noble mother who had cheered on her children, hastened to them with joy and exultation, as though she were bidden to a marriage feast."

✍︎Kit's note

A Woman in a North African Prison

Pawson recounts another story from North Africa. A Christian woman was imprisoned. Her infant was in the cell next door — starving, crying. She was not allowed to nurse her child. Her tormentors made the offer: "You can feed your baby as soon as you say Caesar is Lord."

She refused. And this was her answer:

"We give honour to Caesar as Caesar. But we render fear and worship to Christ as Lord."

✍︎Kit's note

The persecutions of Decius and Diocletian

After about 30 years of peace, under Emperor Decius (c. AD 249–251), for the first time Rome systematically tried to crush Christianity empire-wide — not just locally.

Pawson says this was a time of grief because many Christians gave in. Some said "Caesar is Lord." Some bribed officials. Some fled. This created a painful problem: when peace returned, those who had denied Christ wanted to come back to the Church. What should be done? This nearly tore the Church in two.

After Decius came 40 years of peace — and the Church grew in numbers, wealth, and influence.

Then came "Satan's last fling" — under Diocletian (AD 303): he ordered every church destroyed, every Bible burned, every Christian in Roman office dismissed, and every Christian to be beheaded, burned, or drowned.

✍︎Kit's note

Pawson notes: "Satan knew he was losing. There were too many Christians now. The Empire was being overrun. And this was the final battle."

Ten Roman Persecutions

AD 64–311: From Nero to Diocletian

Over 250 years, the Church faced ten major waves of persecution. Each one only made it stronger.

Dot size corresponds to relative severity. Traditional list of ten persecutions, drawn from Fox's Book of Martyrs (1563) and early Church historians.

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Victory: Constantine and the Milvian Bridge (AD 312)

AD 312. Constantine was about to march against the enemies of Rome. And in that moment — Pawson honestly says he cannot separate truth from fiction in what has come down to us — Constantine saw a vision in the sky. He saw a cross, and heard a voice: "In hoc signo vinces" — "In this sign, conquer."

✍︎Kit's note

He painted the cross on the shield of every Roman soldier. And declared: "From now on, I am a Christian. And so are you."

Pawson is not sure this was entirely a good thing. But the emperor had become a Christian.

And Constantine declared:

• Sunday would be a day of rest (for the first time in history)
• Women would be valued more highly in the Empire
• Slaves would be treated properly

That was the end of the physical battle in the Roman Empire. The persecutions ceased.

But the spiritual and mental battles were not yet fully won.

Julian, Constantine's kinsman, and the pagan revival attempt

Pawson says: "Constantine had two young kinsmen — one called Julian." They declared: "We don't like what he did. We are going to restore the Roman pagan gods."

✍︎Kit's note

They reopened the pagan temples.

Nobody came.

It was too late. The spiritual battle had been won. By AD 400, only one religion was prominent across the Roman Empire.

The spread across the empire

By AD 400, Christianity had reached:

• Britain: St. Alban — the first martyr in Britain, a Roman soldier dying for Jesus. We still call the place St. Albans.
• Africa: The Church spread deep into Africa
• Syria and India: The Church spread eastward
• All of the Roman Empire: The then-known world had heard the gospel

The physical battle was won. The mental battle was won. The spiritual battle was won.

The Church had captured the world for Jesus Christ by AD 400.

✍︎Kit's note

Growth Through Persecution

Estimated % of Roman Empire population that was Christian

"The blood of the martyrs is the seed of the Church." — Tertullian (c. 197 AD)

Estimates based on Rodney Stark, "The Rise of Christianity" (1996) and Keith Hopkins. Actual figures are unknowable. Red bands = major persecution waves. Gold dashed line = Constantine's conversion (AD 312).

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What Made the Church Grow Under Suffering

Pawson makes two important observations about all those persecutions.

First observation — The painful truth: While we know the names of many martyrs, we also know that thousands of Christians gave in under persecution. Some said "Caesar is Lord." Some bribed officials. Some fled. This is the painful truth. And when peace came, they wanted to return to the Church — which nearly tore the Christian community in two.

Second observation — The great paradox: The Church never grew so strongly or so quickly as under those sufferings.

Tertullian — the North African Christian — said the immortal words: "The blood of the martyrs is the seed of the Church."

If you want to plant a church — plant a martyr. That is what Tertullian said.

✍︎Kit's note

And this is the painful but real answer to why the Church suffered: because persecution sifted the membership. It reduced Gideon's men to the 300 who could take it. It made the Church what it ought to be — a noble army.

Pawson concludes: the answer to the suffering is not something I can fully understand. But it is true: where a Church suffers, it grows.

East of the iron curtain, it is the physical battle. West of the iron curtain — here in England, here where we are — it is the mental battle. And it is harder. — David Pawson

Three Battles at a Glance

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We Are Fighting the Same Battles Today

This is why Pawson teaches history.

The spiritual battle today: Just weeks before this lecture was given (1960s), at the most prominent church in Cambridge, a service was held for the "World Congress of Faiths" — Buddhists, Hindus, Baha'is, Jews, Christians, all present to worship together. Condition of participation: the name of Jesus Christ must not be mentioned.

That is the battle we are fighting.

The Bible predicts there will be a unified world religion — and those who refuse to join will not be allowed to buy food (Revelation 13).

The mental battle today: The philosophy of our time isn't called Gnosticism — it's called existentialism. You find it in the literature of Jean-Paul Sartre, in Debussy's music, in Picasso's art, in pop culture. You find it in the drug culture of the young. You find it in Marshall McLuhan's declaration that "the medium is the message." And in theology, you see it in people like Bultmann and Tillich — popularized by people like John Robinson (Bishop of Woolwich) with his controversial book Honest to God, and Howard Williams, then president of the Baptist Union.

These are people redefining Christianity according to a pagan philosophy — one that is fundamentally atheist, making God impersonal or nonexistent. "God is dead" — that phrase is the result of Christian theologians following this philosophy.

Pawson says: the mental battle needs the finest brains we can produce. It must be fought with words and pens. And we need the courage to say: "This is not the Christian faith. This is not what we believe."

The physical battle today: East of the Iron Curtain (this lecture was given during the Cold War), the physical battle rages — just like the first century.

Pawson tells of Richard Wurmbrand — who had been tortured in Romanian Communist prisons and was present at this meeting — who was on his way to Cambridge to confront a churchman who had hosted the "World Congress of Faiths" service and had called Jesus a homosexual.

Martin Luther, 450 years before this lecture, nailed his theses to the church door. Pawson asks: "Where would we go today to nail things to church doors?" This is the mental battle. It is here. It is inside our churches.

Pawson concludes:

"Why should it be left to Wurmbrand — who has already fought the physical battle in the east — to fight both battles? This is the battle we must fight. And we must say very clearly and lovingly: this is the faith. We are not altering it for the intellectuals of today. This is the only gospel that saves."

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All green